2. Texture: Texture refers to the tactile quality of surfaces within a space. It can be smooth, rough, soft, or hard. Combining various textures, such as using plush rugs, smooth glass, or rough brick, adds depth and interest to a room.

3. Pattern: Patterns are repetitive designs or motifs used in fabrics, wallpapers, and accessories. They can range from simple stripes to intricate florals. Incorporating patterns can bring energy and visual interest to a space.

4. Line: Lines in interior design can be vertical, horizontal, or diagonal. They are created by architectural features, furniture placement, and decorative elements. Lines influence the sense of movement and flow in a room.

5. Shape: Shape refers to the outline or form of objects in a space. Furniture, architectural details, and decorative elements contribute to the overall shapes within a room. Using shapes effectively can establish a cohesive design theme.

6. Space: Space is the physical area within a room, including the arrangement of furniture and the circulation pathways. The manipulation of space influences how a room feels and functions.

7. Light: Light is crucial in interior design. It includes natural and artificial light sources, as well as the fixtures and window treatments that control and enhance illumination. Lighting design can create ambiance and highlight specific areas or features.

8. Proportion and Scale: Proportion relates to the size and scale of objects and elements within a space. Balancing proportions ensures that furniture and decor harmonize with the room’s dimensions.

9. Balance: Balance involves the distribution of visual weight in a room. Achieving balance can be symmetrical (formal) or asymmetrical (informal) and contributes to the overall harmony of the design.

10. Harmony and Unity: Harmony is the sense of cohesion and consistency in a design, while unity ensures that all elements work together as a whole. These principles help create a harmonious and visually pleasing interior.

11. Contrast: Contrast is the juxtaposition of different elements, such as light and dark, smooth and rough, or modern and traditional. It creates visual interest and can emphasize specific features.

12. Focal Point: A focal point is a dominant feature or area in a room that draws attention and anchors the design. It can be a fireplace, artwork, or a statement piece of furniture.

13. Emphasis: Emphasis involves highlighting certain elements to make them stand out. This can be achieved through colour, size, or placement and helps guide the viewer’s eye.

14. Rhythm: Rhythm in interior design is the repetition of visual elements to create a sense of movement and continuity. It can be achieved through patterns, shapes, or colours.

By understanding and applying these elements of style, interior designers can create cohesive, functional, and aesthetically pleasing spaces that reflect their clients’ preferences and needs.